Swollen shoot pdf
WebCocoa swollen shoot virus disease is transmitted by infectious mealybugs and infected budwood. The risk of spreading the disease is reduced if mealybugs and live plant … WebJul 1, 2006 · The entomology of swollen shoot of cacao is a complex and unique problem involving the inter-relations in the field of over 120 insect species of four insect and two …
Swollen shoot pdf
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WebFeb 23, 2016 · Cacao swollen shoot disease, first described from Ghana on Theobroma cacao in 1922, was identified in Togo in 1955 (4) in Kloto, a minor cocoa-producing area. … WebCocoa swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) is one of the major factors limiting cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) productivity in West Africa. The only effective treatment for CSSVD is to cut infected trees and replant with disease free planting material. The official eradication campaign in Ghana has cut out more than 300 million trees since 1946.
WebPflKrankh. 4/88 Cocoa swollen shoot: An archetypal crowd disease 431 Fig. 2. Gradients in the spread of cocoa virus diseases. (a) The distribution of swollen shoot infected trees in relation to distance from the boundary of a 10 ha planting near Adonkwanta in a severely affected part of the Eastern Region of Ghana (Benstead 1951). WebCacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) classified into the genus Badnavirus (family, Caulimoviridae) affectsTheobroma cacao (L) inall the major producing nations in West Africa. CSSV is the causal agent of cacao swollen shoot disease (CSSD), which was first identified and classified in the Eastern region of Ghana (Steven, 1936; Posnette, 1940).
WebTwo mild strains of Cocoa swollen shoot virus (CSSV), N1 and SS365B, were assessed for their capability to mitigate the devastating effects of CSSV in field trials at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana in comparison with noninoculated cocoa plants.
Webthe requested key container does not exist on the smart card cac. Fslogix not mounting vhd. Client-side validation, as the name suggests, is controlled by the client or end user. croscill fennegan bathroom accessoriesWeb2.3 Cacao Swollen Shoot Disease 30 2.3.1 Virus description 31 2.3.2 Transmission and symptoms of infection 34 2.3.3 Current research on Cacao Swollen Shoot Disease (CSSD) 37 2.3.4 Challenges in controlling Cacao Swollen Shoot Disease (CSSD) 39 2.4 Engineered Plant Resistance to Viruses 43 croscill fiji king comforter wayfairWebswollen shoot CD virus (CSSCDV), cacao swollen shoot Togo B virus (CSSTBV), cacao swollen shoot CEvirus(CSSCEV),andcacaoswollenshootGhanaM virus (CSSGMV), obtained using the primer sets CSSD1-CSSD4, respectively. All leaf samples were tested using the same method, as follows. Total DNA was isolated from 50 mg of leaf croscill floral beddingWebDec 31, 2024 · Cocoa Swollen Shoot Disease (CSSD) due to badnavirus species is endemic in West Africa and has been causing significant and irreversible economy losses for … bug bite scarringWebPlant Dis. 96:1445-1450. The discovery of new outbreaks caused by Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) in Cote d'Ivoire in 2003, when this disease … bug bites behind kneesWebOct 12, 2011 · The cocoa swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) continues to spread in Ghana despite many years of the cutting-out of infected trees and their 'contacts'. Records … croscill fabric shower curtain linersWebThe Ghana Cocoa Board (Cocobod) has urged farmers to fully welcome the National Cocoa Rehabilitation Program as they prepare to clear cocoa affected with swollen shoot. Their checks have revealed that out of a total of 1.9 million hectares [about 4.7 million acres] of cocoa farms surveyed, 315 800 hectares [about 780 000 acres] have been ... bug bite scars on legs